What Love Is
بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ Marcus Tullius Cicero said, “Love is the attempt to form a friendship inspired by beauty.”
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Permissible or Honourable?
بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Roman statesman, once said, “What is permissible is not always honourable.”
The Augustinian Concept of Free Will
بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ The problem of free will was discussed by Bishop Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis of Hippo Regius in De Civitate Dei contra Paganos before the rise of Islam, and it is possible that the ideas of this Christian thinker later influenced Islamic theology, particularly groups such as the Mu’tazilah . Bishop Augustine’s idea was developed in response to Marcus Tullius Cicero, who rejected God’s Foreknowledge of the future, meaning there would be no prediction of events, and human actions would be free. Cicero’s argument is quite simple to understand, as it asserts that if predestination prevails, then there can be no free will. Against Cicero, Bishop Augustine argued that God, as the Creator of all beings, has Bestowed power in them to will, but that all wills, including wicked wills, are human products because wickedness cannot be ascribed to God; that it is not then the case that since God Foreknows what will happen to an individua...