A Muslim Convert Once Before

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ al-Jabariyyah , the Determinist school, came to be named for their fundamental tenet denying human power to act and choose.  The Determinist opinion arose in Islam because the transcendental conception of Allah ( s.w.t. ) holds there to be no contradiction between the abstract or general acts of Allah ( s.w.t. ) and the delimited acts of human beings.  The former defines and delimits the latter, both in their generation, manifesting them in the visible world through the Divine Habit that ensured the conditions of human action, and their commission, like legal boundaries manifest themselves through the various Divine Commands of obligation and prohibition, to which humans ought to cleave in their actions.   This school of thought conflates the Acts of Allah (s.w.t.) with everything consequent, and so understands attributing actions to any other than Him to be ascribing Him partners in His Lordship even though this is more properly t...

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ In the time after the Rightly Guided caliphs, when the ummah began to splinter into sects, the Umayyads provided the majority of the supporters of the two sects of al-Jabr , Determinism, and al-Irja’ , Deferral, to the extent that it was said, “ al-jabr wa al-irja’ din al-muluk ,”  “Determinism and Deferral is the religion of the kings,” referring to the Umayyad kings.

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ The following is taken from “An Introduction to Kalam , Islamic Theology” by Shaykh Nur ad-Din Abu ‘Ubadah ‘Ali ibn Juma’ah.   This brief treatise comprises an introduction to the study of the science of kalam , one of the most important disciplines of Islamic knowledge.   It will suffice to introduce its major branches and comprehend some of the problems it seeks to address, and then note the positions of certain scholars and schools on these problems.   In the linguistic sense, “ kalam ”, “speech”, denotes a word indicating a certain meaning.   In its technical sense, “ kalam ” denotes the theoretical consideration of matters of religious creed, or theology.   Shaykh Wali ad-Din ‘Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun ( r.a. ) said, “It is the discipline comprised of disputation over credal beliefs with rational proofs.”   Imam al-‘Ayhi ( r.a. ) said, “ Kalam is the discipline that enables one to affirm credal ...